Biology Exam Essays

Biology Exam Essays Biology Exam Paper Biology Exam Paper Describe the structure and functions of the small intestine, and explain how the liver and pancreas helps in these functions. â€Å"The small intestine is an extremely vital organ in human gastrointestinal system. Along with the stomach, it is the major organ involved in the process of digestion† (Tortora, 2004). Surely, it is not enough to say that the small intestine plays critical role in human digestion processes. The structure and functions of the small intestine tell much about the way it manages and participates in human digestion. The small intestine is approximately 6 meters in length (Tortora, 2004). In human organism, the small intestine is usually stretched between the stomach and the large intestine. Medical professionals usually divide the small intestine into the three different segments: the ililum, the jejunum, and the duodenum (Tortora, 2004). However, this division is more important in medicine than in biology. Anatomy and biology primarily pay attention to the surface structure of the small intestine, which absorbs nutrients and transfers them to other organs and systems. Functionally, the small intestine is involved into the three different types of absorption procedures (simple diffusion, active transport, and facilitated diffusion). The small intestine transports the nutrients from the stomach to the large intestine, absorbing the necessary nutrients, and transferring them to other human organs. Surprisingly or not, but the small intestine does not possess sufficient surface area to absorb all nutrients for the human organism. Moreover, the small intestine cannot support the normal functioning of human organism without the liver and the pancreas’ assistance. â€Å"The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine† (Tortora, 2004). These enzymes break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. In its turn, the liver processes and filters the nutrients which the small intestine absorbs and transports to other functional human systems. The bile which is produced by the liver plays a vital role in breaking down fats in the small intestine. 2. Describe the process of development in humans from the fertilized egg to the time it becomes a fetus, during a normal pregnancy.   The development of the fertilized egg begins when it is still located in the fallopian tubes. â€Å"Repeated mitotic divisions produce a solid ball of cells called a morula† (Tortora, 2004). The newly formed morula is continuously divided, and is later turned into a kind of empty ball, which biologists call â€Å"the blastocyst†. The fertilized egg, or blastocyst, needs one week to embed itself into the female uterus. The process of â€Å"embedding the egg into the wall of uterus† actually confirms the fact of pregnancy in a woman (Tortora, 2004). The process of cells’ division proceeds after the egg has become integral with the uterus. At this stage of fertilized egg’s development, the inner cell mass of the blastocyst is being created. In about 2 months, this mass becomes a baby (a fetus). The rest of the blastocyst cells are later transformed into placenta, â€Å"which grows tightly fused to the wall of the uterus† (Tortora, 2004). Placenta becomes the major connecting channel between the unborn child and the mother. The placenta’s blood vessels connect the child’s blood system to that of the mother. Placenta significantly facilitates the transfer of nutrients from the mother’s organism into that of the fetus. The first 2 months of pregnancy usually form the basic structure of the future child: cell division and cell differentiation take place. At this pregnancy stage, the fetus is extremely vulnerable to external infections and damages. In two months, when the fetus’ organs are formed, â€Å"the fetus’ development becomes a matter of mere growth and minor structural modifications† (Tortora, 2004). 3. The evolution of species can only occur in populations. Is this an accurate statement? Explain why or why not. Evolution is noticeable, and can take place only in populations. However, it is not correct and it is not accurate to state that the mere existence of a population determines the course of evolution. We cannot limit evolution to populations, but should look deeper into what causes evolution within these or those populations. To be objective, it is not a population, but its genetic diversity that becomes the driving force of evolution. â€Å"No individual members of any population are exactly alike in their genetic makeup. This diversity, referred to as genetic diversity or variation, is essential to evolution† (Gould, 2002). This is why it will be more accurate to state that evolution takes place in genetically diverse populations. Speaking about evolution and populations, we cannot neglect the importance of genetic variation across different species and groups. Genetic variation remains a key to a stable continuous evolution and ensures the highest degree of evolutionary success.

What Happens If I Miss My AP Exam

What Happens If I Miss My AP Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sometimes life happens, and you end up missing an AP test. Naturally, since the tests are expensive and you want to take them while the material is still fresh in your mind, you may want to make up the exam. In this article, I’ll go over what to do if you know in advance you won’t make the test, what to do in an emergency, how AP late testing works, and situations where you might not be able to make up the test- and what to do about it. What to Do When You Know In Advance You'll Miss the Test There are a variety of reasons that you may find that the exam you signed up for a few months ago conflicts with something you can’t avoid. As soon as you realize you mayhave a conflict with the exam, you will need to get in touch with your school’s AP coordinator to discuss AP late testing. They will let you know if the test can be made up and how, when, and where it will happen. If you do not know who your AP coordinator is, ask someone in the school office or a guidance counselor. Your school may also have some kind of designated process for requesting late testing that someone in the main office can tell you about. For making up tests when you know about the conflict in advance, there are two scenarios: the College Board deems your conflict either "unavoidable" or "avoidable." Unavoidable Conflicts For those conflicts which the College Board deems â€Å"unavoidable,† they will allow you to take the make-up exam for free. Unavoidable conflicts include: You are taking two AP exams that are scheduled for the same time slot, or you are taking three or more AP exams that are scheduled for the same day. Check the 2016 schedule to see if this is you. You have an IB exam, or a state or national exam, the same day. Scheduling issues with the language lab at your school (this would primarily be a problem for foreign language exams). It is a religious holiday. The school is closed for an election or a national holiday. There is an issue with your disability accommodations (that you know about in advance). Sorry I couldn't make my AP exam; I was busy hatching. Avoidable Conflicts For other conflicts, which the College Board views as â€Å"avoidable,† you will be allowed to take the exam later, but you will need to pay a fee of $45. This fee is waived for those who qualify for financial assistance. Avoidable conflicts include: You have an academic event or meet (e.g. a quiz bowl or math team competition). You have a sports meet or game that conflicts with the exam. You have an exam for a class the same day. In this situation it may make more sense to arrange to take the class exam at a different time if you can instead of taking a late AP test. Your school makes a mistake when ordering the exam. (For example, they do not order enough copies for everyone who registered.) In this case your school will likely cover the fee. It is a school holiday (pre-planned, not a national holiday, and not an emergency). You have a family commitment. If you are not sure if your conflict qualifies you to take a late exam, discuss it with your AP coordinator. They will be the one who ultimately coordinates all late testing for your school. You can also call the College Board to discuss scheduling issues at (212) 632-1781 or (877) 274-6474 (the second number is toll-free in USA and Canada). But what if you miss your exam unexpectedly, in spite of your best-laid plans? This fire extinguisher just realized she missed her exam. What to DoWhen Something Unexpected Comes Up There may be situations when you have a sudden emergency and cannot make the exam. In this case,you should let your school’s AP exam coordinator know as soon as possible so they can coordinate your make-up examthe coordinator is the person who will order all late exams for your school, so it is up to them to decide if you will be allowed to take a make-up exam. Should they allowit, they will let you know when, where, and how to take the late exam. The College Board will not charge you for a late exam due to an emergency. Potential emergencies include: An unforeseen issue with your disability accommodations. A bomb scare or fire alarm at your school. A natural disaster. A labor strike at your school. A family tragedy. A serious injury or illness If you just have the sniffles, you may want to just bring a box of tissues. If you have a splitting headache, a sore throat, and can’t talk, consider skipping your exam and going to the doctor (to get a note). Late exams are a pain, but you also don’t want to get a 2 instead of a 4 because you feel light-headed and nauseated the whole time. But what if you miss the exam for a non-emergency reason? Decisions on all make-up exams are up to the school AP exam coordinator. So whether you slept through your alarm, or your little sister threw the entire contents of your backpack into the trash, or you got in a fender bender on your way to school, take your case to the exam coordinator. If they say no, it’s not awesome, but it’s also not the most horrible thing in the world. If they say yes, great! Read on to know what to expect when you make up your test. What Happens When You Make Up the Exam? The College Board has designated late testing dates for AP exams. If you can’t take it the first go-round, you will take it on the designated make-up day. Note that barring some highly unusual circumstances, once you open your AP exam you are no longer eligible for late testing. So unfortunately, if you toss your cookies in the middle of the test, you won’t be able to make it up later. Note that you will be taking an alternate form of the test. This is so that students who take late exams won’t be able to get any information on the exam content from their classmates. Other than that, the experience will be similar to any other AP test. You can check out the AP late testing schedule for 2016 at the College Board. The AP late testing dates for 2016 are May 17, 18, and 19. What IfYou Can’t Make Up the Exam? As mentioned, whether or not you can make up your exam is primarily up to your AP exam coordinator, who requests the make-up exams through the College Board. They may allow you to make up your exam even if you do something like sleep through your alarm or forget about your test and go to your regular class. However, you can’t count on that, so don’t be like this person who went back to her house because she forgot a pen and then decided to try an alternate route to the school (someone will loan you a pen if you forget it!) Pack your bag with everything you need the night before and leave for school early. If worst comes to worst and you miss the exam (and can’t make it up), your hopes and dreams are not dead. You will probably be out the ninety bucks you paid for the exam (although you may be able to negotiate that with your school’s exam coordinator) but it won’t appear on a score report or anything. No one will know you missed the exam, and colleges don’t necessarily expect that you will take the AP exam for every AP-level class you take. If you still want the college credit or the score, you can take the test next year, although you will probably have to put in some serious study time to remember everything. Key Takeaways on Late Testing Missing AP exams happens. As soon as you realize you have a conflict, or an emergency on test day, get in touch with your school’s AP exam coordinator. If you don’t know who that is, it may be in your best interest to find out now! If you are allowed to make up the test, you will take an alternate form a couple of weeks after the regularly scheduled exam.If you can’t make it up, the exam won’t show up on your score report. Go forth and conquer, noble AP adventurers! What's Next? Do you have a conflict with your SAT test date? Here's how to cancel your registration, and a guide to getting an alternative test date for your SAT. What about a conflict with your ACT test date? See our guide to cancelingyour ACT registration. If you're trying to decide between focusing on AP exams or SAT subject tests, see our expert guide on which is more important. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Alcoholic Abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Alcoholic Abuse - Assignment Example to "hold their liquor" better than those without such history. Experts suggest some people may inherit a lack of those warning signals that ordinarily make people stop drinking. Research suggest this factor may contribute between 40 per cent and 60 per cent of alcoholism cases related to genetic factors. (alcoholism). Alcoholism in parents increase the risk for violent behaviour and abuse toward their children. Children of alcoholics tend to do worse academically than others. I will be using the Wisconsin Psychometric test as a measuring tool to test this hypothesis on my targeted sample of Children of alcoholic parents, against children of parents who are not alcoholics. I will be using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) for inputting my collected data, which will do the correlations, multicollinearity, and hypothesis. I will assess the incidence of depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem and criminality, of those who are the off spring of alcoholic parents against those who are not. The kind of clear-cut model of the genetic sources of alcoholism perceived by the public and presented in the public tracts does not accurately reflect the state of knowledge in this area. No persuasive genetic mechanism has been proposed to account for accumulated data about alcoholic behaviour, social differences in alcoholism rates or the unfolding of the disease. Biological findings about the offspring of alcoholics have been inconsistent and grounds exist to challenge the notion of an enhanced genetic liability for alcoholism thathas been accepted wisdom for the last decade. Genuine attempts to forge data and theory into genetic models have been limited to men... Abrams and Niura ed (xx), Closing in on Addiction New Findings suggest a biochemical common ground, Social and Biological Theories in a combined Model, National Clearing House For Alcohol and Drug Information. Retrieved on line on March 4, 2006; from Niolon, Richard, Closing In on Addiction New Findings Suggest a Biochemical Common Ground, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information Retrieved on line on March 2, 2006 from www.psychpage.com/problems/library/alcohol,html

Social origins of evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social origins of evil - Essay Example Without showing what environments will inevitably lead to evil acts, however, the experiments retained very little external validity, outside of showing that given the right set of powers and responsibilities, â€Å"normal† human beings will commit evil acts. In trying to determine the nature and origins of evil acts, sociologists try to explain and determine the social prerequisites for evil acts, rather than trying to utilize the individual characteristics (with its environmental interaction) in its explanation. Based on research in sociology, the most explanatorily useful theory of the origin of evil acts is tied to the theory of bureaucracy, along with concepts like â€Å"authorization† and â€Å"McDonaldization†. Together, these observations into contemporary Western life may help explain the social origins of evil for the past half-century. Ritzer (2007) introduces Max Weber’s theory of rationality as a primer to his talk on bureaucracy and the conce pt of McDonaldization. To Weber, rationality meant â€Å"that the search by people for the optimum means to a given end is shaped by rules, regulations, and larger social structures† (p. 23). The rise of institutions, and institutional power, represented the crux of formal rationality and, as it continues today, bureaucracy is designed to have many advantages over other mechanisms of power. For Weber at least, bureaucracy is the most efficient structure for handling a vast number of tasks. Additionally, bureaucracy relies on the quantification of facts as much as possible to inject objectivity into issues of process and, for that reason, bureaucracies and bureaucratic policies are highly predictable due to the rigidity of the procedures they put into place. Because of all these facts, bureaucracies by definition remove as much power as possible for individuals and place that power within the hands of the organization, such that individuals are not left to make subjective deci sions. In this way, individuals are removed from the actual moral consequences of their decision-making. This fact is significant when looking at the role of bureaucracies in the origins of evil. Ritzer goes on to define a number of dimensions of McDonaldization. â€Å"McDonaldization† is Ritzer’s neologism for the formalization of structures and procedures in modern life. More specifically, a number of advantages to society define McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control, which coincide with the advantages that Weber defined as belonging to bureaucracy. Efficiency, for Ritzer, is the optimum method for achieving a goal. McDonald’s cuts the number of steps in a process of food production down to an optimum point, such that its customers enjoy the convenience of its products and the price at which they are provided. McDonald’s offers calculability, or the emphasis on the quantitative aspects of products and services provided to customers (Ritzer, 2007, p. 12). Because sizes are universal between McDonald’s locations, customers who have a favorite meal at one location can travel to any other location, order the same meal, and be guaranteed that the meal will be roughly the same size. McDonald’s offers predictability: a set of policies and procedures that all of its restaurants follow closely. Lastly, McDonald’s removes the power from individuals by transferring control to nonhuman technology. Like on the Ford assembly line, individual

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Delinquency related to drugs and alcohol Essay To tackle this topical issue, it is fairly relevant to first of all define some key terminology employed in contextual jargon as regards the question at hand. At the fore, a juvenile can be said to be a minor of such age as may be stipulated by a particular state, usually below the age of sixteen (16) or seventeen (17) years, who may be in the frame of mind to willfully conceive criminal intent whilst perpetrating a crime, be it in the form of a robbery, murder or assorted other criminal acts. Along the same line, ‘juvenile crime’ denotes several offences committed by the said minors (less than 18 years), infamously referred to as juvenile delinquency, and may include acts which would be considered ‘crimes’ if committed by adults, and misbehavior like disobedience to parents and authorities or even instances of truancy. As may be warranted by prevailing circumstance, such youthful offenders may be put to trial as either full-blown adults or simply in a capacity as juveniles, as influenced by a variety of factors, inclusive of the severity of the crime in question. For the more weighty crimes, the juvenile offender may be tried in either a juvenile or adult court, then subsequently incarcerated among the adults or juveniles, as the presiding judge may deem fit. More serious criminal offences may even spell out prison sentences for the ‘minor’ (Stafford, 1991). However, the root causes of juvenile delinquency remain a baffling mystery, as clear-cut reasons are yet to be outlined for the same. However, it is clear that the major causes of delinquency are the use of alcohol and abuse of drugs and substances. Some theorists pen a myriad of intervention mechanisms to aid in arresting this situation before it grows into being the downfall of youths the world over. In this reaction paper, I endeavor to handle each of these issues, one at a time (Shaw, 1942).). Drug trafficking has become the major source of violence in the country with rival gangs engaging in extreme violence that sometimes leads to fatality. Drug abusers sometimes results to crime in order to acquire money to satisfy their addictions since drugs are expensive. Furthermore, drugs alienate one from reality and leads to aggressive behavior which results to violence or misdemeanor. A lot of attention has been given in this area and extensive findings exist. However, it is clear that there is room for more to be done since this existing literature has not resulted to a dramatic decrease from behavior that is considered wrong in society. Furthermore, there seems to be little or inadequate research on the effect of to younger siblings if their older counterparts are abusers of alcohol and drugs (Kuntsche et al, 2009). Causal Relationships Diverse theories have been put forth as relates to the chief reasons why there is the onset of juvenile tendencies in the first place, and why this eventually metamorphosis’s into criminality in the long run. Among those advanced include schools of thought which are modeled around historical and modern – day scenarios. These theoretical traditions range from deliberations on; Theories:   Early theories – these peg the juvenile tendencies to the forces of nature, for example, spiritual beings and even demons. Key aspects in this arena include deliberations on naturalism (the science relating human affairs and eventual behavior to interactions with the forces of nature) and spiritualism, whereby deviance and criminal tendencies can be pegged to influences of nature, and the perpetrator’s inappropriate connection with supernatural powers that be. In this theory, offenses were considered to be against nature itself The Classical theory, which goes on to rationalize personal choice, brings to focus the issue of humanitarianism. Theorists here are of the stance that proven perpetrators ought to be held personally accountable for their delinquent acts, and that punishment was best administered accordingly. This was based on the premises that humans are by nature reasonably rational, criminality being morally wrong and outlawed in society, and also that the civil society would play its role of disciplining wrong-doers as a form of deterrent mechanism, with such punishment being proportionate to the crime at hand (Loeber, 1989). Biological theories, which detail the physiological developmental traits of juveniles, in relation to their physical development, mental (under) development, or even hereditary characteristics, and their eventual impact on human behavior. It holds that some people are naturally-inclined toward being deviant, and that it is woven-into their genes, with little or no chance of altering this state of being. The point of note here is that delinquency and its roots are traced to a person’s physical/ physiological predisposition, as opposed mainly to the question of free will. Chief among these are theories dealing with hereditary issues (heredity), evolution of man and his characteristics (atavism), as well as, The development of certain bodily traits that are common amongst people already oriented toward behaving in a particular manner (somatotyping), to name but a few. Psychological theories – these touch on psychopathic personalities, correlation between dysfunctional and/ or troubled childhoods and the prevalence of the juvenile mannerisms in individuals. These also ascribe deviant behavior to one’s surrounding environment, as may be influenced by chemical interplay in the brain, or an assorted number of reasons. Here, it is necessary to   point out that delinquents may not have a sense of right or wrong as they go about their deviant actions, and that not only can’t they control themselves, but also, their personalities border being christened ‘abnormal’, and the root of such can be re-traced back to their age as little children. These include; Psychopathology, which relates one’s lack of a viable conscience to deviant mannerisms and also, the dys-functioning of given personalities, conditioning, which details the response to stimulating factors prevalent in the environment, and Psychoanalysis, dealing with incomplete development of one’s personality. Sociological theories – serve to link deviance to societal interactions and also the already existing caste structures, not to mention the inherent disparities in existence between the level of achieving goals and objectives and actually being in a position to go about the same. These include; Differential Association theory, which deals with ways in which we as humans have the tendency of picking up all manner of behavior from those around us. It further posits that delinquency is an acquired behavior that is adopted from lifestyles of varying criminals. The Structural/ Social Ecology theory, as pertains to structural conditions in a given area that may play a pivotal role in shaping the mental framework of individuals inhabiting that area. These include; overcrowding, unemployment, poor housing, poverty, sub-standard sanitation, and last but not least, illegitimate births. Strain and anomie theory; anomie details the aspect of lack of norms in society, especially in instances where there may be experienced some upheavals like wars and the like. When this materializes, the traditional customs and regulations are no longer abided by. Conversely, Strain refers to a situation whereby there already exists a standard set of acceptable goals and means of achieving the same. The inherent problem however, is that not all members of society have the necessary resources to go about meeting this end, thus, a scenario of need is created with some members literally straining to make ends meet, as it were. Thus, lack of opportunity and inequality can be zoned off as the major bones of contention here. Critical theory – has a lot to do with forces of subjugation in society, and also the capitalistic nature of shrewd individuals. Societal inequities play a major role in molding the character and adaptive mind-state of given persons, more so in the earlier years right after one begins the journey to discover him/ herself.   This is further broken down into; Radical criminology; this has the general proposition that since the wealth and power in society have been inequitably distributed, then, those less economically empowered will ultimately seek out alternative modes, mostly of criminal nature, so as to achieve whatever it is they are in (dire) need of. This situation is set to persist until control mechanisms are put in place by society to ensure that all and sundry are catered for as pertains to the same. Conflict theory; the main assumption is that societal conflicts and tensions are part and parcel of society in general. There thus arises a distinctive classification of peoples, pitting the haves against the have-nots, with the latter being tagged in a relatively negative light. The theory posits that there subsequently arises the need for specialized institutions that can be employed to maintain a certain degree of law and order in society. Thus, in a nutshell, this theory serves to deliberate the economic tensions created, focus being placed on the political and economic systems in existence.

The Culture Behind The Roman Empire, 43-306 C.E. Essay -- The Roman Em

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the Roman Empire and the culture within that civilization from 43-306 C.E. Centrally located in the Mediterranean lies Italy, one of the three great peninsulas that can be seen from the south of Europe. The Roman Empire and its civilization has always been one to be admired by people and leaders all around the world. When the thought of this illustrious empire comes to an individual’s mind, one might assume that they may think of the great Julius Caesar and his tragic death, Marc Antony and Cleopatra, or even the great philosophers that flourished during this time. Thousands of years later the romans are still being praised for their advances in the sciences, philosophy, and government. After the death of Julius Caesar there was only one individual who was capable of stepping up to power, taking over the empire, and leading his people to greatness. The individual was the grandnephew of Julius Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus â€Å"Octavian†. When Octavian went on to defeat Marc Antony and Cleopatra he was left as the all-power ruler and accepted the name Augustus Caesar. Augustus went on to rule for forty-one year, this was called the Paz Romona. Paz Romona (Roman Peace) was a known to be a time where the roman economy and government were very stable within its state. Their commercial and manufacturing activity also flourished during this time as well. Trade routes inside the Mediterranean and the countries outside of it such as: Arabia, India, and China were reopened and secured. Just like Julius Caesar the people loved Augustus and he was an excellent leader. Augustus wanted his empire to prosper and he made incredible strides to enable the safety of his empire. This Emperor was... ...y of this land and turning it in to a cultural powerhouse of that time. Hundreds of years later people are still marveling over the great Roman Empire and giving them credit for a lot of the accomplishments we have made today. Work Cited Page Blury, John Bagnell. History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to A.D. 565). London: Macmillan and Co., 1923. Cassar, George H., Richard D. Goff, James P. Holoka, Janice J. Terry, and Jiu-Hwa L. Upshur. World History. 5th. Boston: Wadsworth, 2005. Print. Glover, Terrot Reaveley.The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960. Holmes, Rice Thomas.The Architect of the Roman Empire. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1928-31. Ivanovitch, Michael.The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

About Shakespeare Essay

Hamlet is Shakespeare’s longest and most tragic play. It was first published in 1603, from a draft published several years earlier. The play begins two months after the death of King Hamlet of Denmark. The country is in a state of unrest. Young Fortinbras of Norway is preparing for war. After the King’s death, his brother Claudius takes over the throne, and marries the widowed Queen Gertrude. Young Hamlet, the late king’s son is incensed. He is told by the ghost of his father, that Claudius had poisoned him, to become the King of Denmark. Hamlet starts acting like a madman rousing concern. Polonius, an advisor to King Claudius is also worried by Hamlet’s strange â€Å"transformation. † The two, along with Queen Gertrude instruct Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet’s childhood friends to spy on him. Hamlet is also increasingly hostile towards his love, Ophelia, Polonius’ daughter. Out of fear, the King orders Hamlet to be sent to England. King Claudius and Polonius both feel that Hamlet is dangerous. To ensure who the culprit was, Hamlet cleverly changes the lines in a play which is performed before the king and the queen. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay The King’s reaction convinces Hamlet that it was indeed he who poisoned his father. Alone, King Claudius reveals his crime, and confesses that he cannot escape divine judgment. After the play, Queen Gertrude scolds her son, but he instead scolds his mother for her wrong actions. Polonius is spying on the two, from behind a curtain. Hamlet hears Polonius, and kills him thinking he is Claudius. Anxious and scared, the king orders Hamlet to be sent to England, along with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The King wants Hamlet killed as soon as he arrives in England. Hamlet had the spies Rosencrantz and Guildenstern put to death instead. Meanwhile, Young Fortinbras has brought his army to Denmark. Hamlet admires Young Fortinbras, for his courage to fight for honor. The death of Polonius has a profound impact on Ophelia, who in her depression and apathy kills herself by drowning. Laertes, Polonius’ son is enraged. The king tells him that it was Hamlet who murdered Polonius. The two decide to get rid of Hamlet, their common enemy. Claudius and Laertes arrange a duel, in which Laertes will fight Hamlet. To ensure Hamlet’s death, Laertes poisons the tip of his sword. In the course of the duel, Laertes, Hamlet and the King are poisoned by the same sword. Queen Gertrude drinks a poisoned drink meant for Hamlet, and is killed. Dying, Hamlet tells Horatio to tell the world of his story and recommends Young Fortinbras the next king of Denmark. Hamlet – Prince of Denmark is a play that deals with the main subjects of honor, revenge and suicide. Hamlet is not our typical hero. Born in a royal family, he is a refined young man with noble attributes, but he has his weaknesses. After his father’s murder, he is driven mad by anger when his mother marries Claudius. His love for Ophelia too turned into a strange confusion and mix of emotions. He distrusts all those around him, and starts dwelling in a melancholy state of mind. Even those he thought were his friends turn out to be spies sent by the king and queen. This also explain Hamlets â€Å"insanity† to a great extent. But even so, Hamlet is a disturbed individual. The way he treats Ophelia is obvious evidence. He is cruel to her, in spite of her efforts to try and understand him. He is also impulsive – he kills Polonius without thinking twice. Justice and revenge form major themes of the play, with Claudius, at the Head of a country, having killed his own brother, and Hamlet, avenging his father’s death. Suicide also forms an essential theme in the play. Ophelia kills herself by drowning. Hamlet too is prompted to kill himself. † But should he, or not; â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question. † Shakespeare portrays all the characters with great ingenuity. He analyses human psyche, and how eventually, everyone’s destiny is controlled by fate. References: About Shakespeare, Hamlet Study Guide, http://absoluteshakespeare. com/guides/hamlet/hamlet. htm

Great Depression vs Great Recession

The United States of America has gone through many different economic ups and downs, two of the most horrific downturns would be the current recession and The Great Depression though out 1929 to 1939. The cause of these two economic events cannot be blamed on one single person or a group, but on the United States as a whole who neglected to perform their economic duties. While these two deflationary periods in our economy have several differences, they have many similarities as well, such the difficulty in receiving money from bank banks but they differ in that the Great Depression was much more difficult to go through.These two economic hardships have very similar beginnings. In the 1920’s it was known as installments, today it is known as the credit. Both are the same concept, and then you pay back the original price along with a certain amount of interest. It is a great concept since the companies are earning money on the interest but when too much credit is given out it ca n adversely affect the economy. During the Great Depression everyone began buying stocks with money that was loaned out by banks.While the Great Recession the banks were lending too much money for mortgages. Eventually when the stock market and housing markets crashed, the banks didn’t have any money because all of it was given out on loans. What differs though between these economic time periods, would be that the Great Depression was significantly harder to live during. The Recession only lasted for 2 years while the Depression was throughout the entire 1930s. Also during this time, the center states were dealing with a severe drought.Unemployment rate was also much higher at 25% compared to the 8% to 9% now. Social security, medicare, variety of public assistance programs like unemployment payments and food stamps were largely non-existent in the 1930s. These two time periods of economic downfall were horrible times for people. While these two periods in our economy have s everal differences and many similarities as well, such the difficulty in receiving money from bank banks but they differ in that the Great Depression was much more difficult to go through.

The Top 5 William Shakespeare Plays

The Top 5 William Shakespeare Plays The idea of picking the top five plays by William Shakespeare is sure to spark a quarrel among literary critics and theatergoers. Though many consider Hamlet the Bards best work, others prefer King Lear or The Winters Tale. Tastes vary, but there is some critical consensus about which plays have the most enduring literary value. Hamlet Considered by many literary critics to be Shakespeare’s greatest play, this deeply moving story follows Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, as he grieves for his father and avenges his death. Possibly based on Shakespeare’s personal experience of losing his own son, Hamnet, in 1596, this tragedy manages to explore the complex psychology of its young hero hundreds of years before the emergence of psychology as a concept. For this alone, Hamlet deserves the number one spot. Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for Romeo and Juliet, the classic story of two â€Å"star-crossed lovers.† This play has seeped into the consciousness of popular culture: if we describe someone as romantic, we might describe him as â€Å"a Romeo,† and the balcony scene is possibly the world’s most iconic (and quoted) dramatic text. The tragic love story unfolds against the backdrop of the Montague-Capulet feud- a subplot that provides several memorable action scenes. Shakespeare gets straight down to business at the start of the play and stages a fight between the Montagues and the Capulets serving men. The key reason for Romeo and Juliet’s popularity is its timeless themes; anyone of any age today can relate to a story about two people from very different backgrounds falling head-over-heels in love. Macbeth Macbeth- a short, punchy, intense piece of drama that charts the rise and fall of Macbeth from soldier to king to tyrant- features some of Shakespeares finest writing. Although all of the characters are well-drawn and the plot is perfectly formulated, it is Lady Macbeth who steals the show. She is one of Shakespeares most enduring villains, and it is her intense ambition that drives the play. This crime drama is so popular with audiences that it has inspired over 10 film adaptations. Julius Caesar Beloved by many, this play focuses on Roman senator Marcus Brutus and his involvement in the assassination of Roman emperor Julius Caesar. Those who have not read the play are often surprised to learn that Caesar only appears in a handful of scenes. Instead, the tragedy centers on Brutus conflicting morals and his psychological turmoil as he weaves a conspiracy that will transform history. Critic Harold Bloom has said that the play could have been called The Tragedy of Marcus Brutus. Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing is Shakespeare’s best-loved comedy. The play mixes humor and tragedy and is one of the Bard’s most interesting texts from a stylistic point of view. The key to the play’s popularity rests on the turbulent love-hate relationship between Benedick and Beatrice. Throughout the play, the two are locked in a battle of wits- and although we know they really love each other, they just can’t admit it to themselves. Some critics consider Much Ado About Nothing a comedy of manners because it pokes fun at aristocratic behavior and language.

Interference, Diffraction the Principle of Superposition

Interference, Diffraction the Principle of Superposition Interference takes place when waves interact with each other, while diffraction takes place when a wave passes through an aperture. These interactions are governed by the principle of superposition. Interference, diffraction, and the principle of superposition are important concepts for understanding several applications of waves. Interference the Principle of Superposition When two waves interact, the principle of superposition says that the resulting wave function is the sum of the two individual wave functions. This phenomenon is generally described as interference. Consider a case where water is dripping into a tub of water. If theres a single drop hitting the water, it will create a circular wave of ripples across the water. If, however, you were to begin dripping water at another point, it would also begin making similar waves. At the points where those waves overlap, the resulting wave would be the sum of the two earlier waves. This holds only for situations where the wave function is linear, that is where it depends on x and t only to the first power. Some situations, such as nonlinear elastic behavior that doesnt obey Hookes Law, would not fit this situation, because it has a nonlinear wave equation. But for almost all waves that are dealt with in physics, this situation holds true. It might be obvious, but its probably good to also be clear on this principle involves waves of similar type. Obviously, waves of water will not interfere with electromagnetic waves. Even among similar types of waves, the effect is generally confined to waves of virtually (or exactly) the same wavelength. Most experiments in involving interference assure that the waves are identical in these respects. Constructive Destructive Interference The picture to the right shows two waves and, beneath them, how those two waves are combined to show interference. When the crests overlap, the superposition wave reaches a maximum height. This height is the sum of their amplitudes (or twice their amplitude, in the case where the initial waves have equal amplitude). The same happens when the troughs overlap, creating a resultant trough that is the sum of the negative amplitudes. This sort of interference is called constructive interference because it increases the overall amplitude. Another non-animated example can be seen by clicking on the picture and advancing to the second image. Alternately, when the crest of a wave overlaps with the trough of another wave, the waves cancel each other out to some degree. If the waves are symmetrical (i.e. the same wave function, but shifted by a phase or half-wavelength), they will cancel each other completely. This sort of interference is called destructive interference and can be viewed in the graphic to the right or by clicking on that image and advancing to another representation. In the earlier case of ripples in a tub of water, you would, therefore, see some points where the interference waves are larger than each of the individual waves, and some points where the waves cancel each other out. Diffraction A special case of interference is known as diffraction and takes place when a wave strikes the barrier of an aperture or edge. At the edge of the obstacle, a wave is cut off, and it creates interference effects with the remaining portion of the wavefronts. Since nearly all optical phenomena involve light passing through an aperture of some kind - be it an eye, a sensor, a telescope, or whatever - diffraction is taking place in almost all of them, although in most cases the effect is negligible. Diffraction typically creates a fuzzy edge, although in some cases (such as Youngs double-slit experiment, described below) diffraction can cause phenomena of interest in their own right. Consequences Applications Interference is an intriguing concept and has some consequences that are worth note, specifically in the area of light where such interference is relatively easy to observe. In Thomas Youngs double-slit experiment, for example, the interference patterns resulting from diffraction of the light wave make it so that you can shine a uniform light and break it into a series of light and dark bands just by sending it through two slits, which is certainly not what one would expect. Even more surprising is that performing this experiment with particles, such as electrons, results in similar wave-like properties. Any sort of wave exhibits this behavior, with the proper set-up. Perhaps the most fascinating application of interference is to create holograms. This is done by reflecting a coherent light source, such as a laser, off of an object onto a special film. The interference patterns created by the reflected light are what result in the holographic image, which can be viewed when it is again placed in the right sort of lighting.

Strategic Management wk 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Management wk 2 - Essay Example In gaining the financial objectives a company has to strategise to achieve superior performance. The improvement in performance metrics, results in increased sales, greater customer satisfaction, more brand loyalty, and consequently profitability that is higher than the industry average. This is the competitive advantage of the company. The managers of the company actively strategise to gain competitive advantage and other stakeholders are its active components. An effective strategist works in close association with all the stakeholders. He can objectively conceive the corporate objectives in theory and can effectively deploy and mobilise the resources of the company for company’s objectives. He clearly identifies the corporate objectives and then chalks a corporate strategy for achievement of the goals. This involves careful analysis of the internal and external strengths and weaknesses of the organisation. The strategy is then expressed as a sequential time-bound implementation plan with clear delineation of duties and jobs. The conceptual strategic framework is then put into practice and the outcomes are dynamically monitored. The effective implementation of corporate strategy yields desired results. A strategic mission can be sold to stakeholders by projection of realistic and achievable business objectives of profitability and customer satisfaction. If we can successfully demonstrate that the company’s profitability and customer satisfaction are two sides of the same coin, and develop an organisational culture for its attainment, we can sell a strategic mission to the stakeholders. The environmental dimensions of Cquay Technologies are technological, political, and economic. The technological dimension includes the spread of web and software technology in coming times, and how the users perceive its use, in the multi-business information technology industry. The political dimensions consist of national regulatory environment of